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A brief outline of the History of the Flag of the United States
(Click on the Flag to get a larger version)
The Flag Resolution of June 14, 1777
When the Flag Resolution of June 14, 1777 was issued, it was rather vague as to how a flag should look. The resolution only stated:"Resolved: that the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."
Because of this there are many variations of the early American flag. If they conform to the stated resolution, and verified as flying either on American soil or on an American battleship, they are often considered official American flags and are shown equal respect.
Only a handful of versions of the 13 star flag are positively known. Because of the vague wording of the flag rules prior to 1912, it was more or less left up to the flag maker as to size and placement and thus hundreds of variations have been recorded. While the exact style of some may be lost in time, we have many fine examples of this period preserved in our history.
We still honor this resolution with our "Flag Day" on June 14th.
The First Flag Act of January 13, 1794
The first Flag Act, passed on January 13, 1794 was nearly as vague as the original resolution.Basically this made the official flag 15 stripes and 15 stars (which is what our "Star Spangled Banner" is).
The Second Flag Act of 1818
The Second Flag Act of 1818 changed things again. The stripes were returned to 13 to forever represent the original 13 states with a star added with each additional state on the following 4th of July. This act still allowed a rather wide variation of flag versions. Still, the most popular one is one that followed after the "Stars and Stripes" model.
National Flag Conference and Public Law 829
On Flag Day, 1923 (June 14th). The National Flag Conference approved the verbiage of the National Flag Code. This set federal regulations covering the display of the United States Flag. There is no provision for "punishment". If the code is not followed, that was left up to each state to decide.The backbone of this code is the Army and Navy's procedures toward display and care of our national symbol and representatives of both branches of the Armed Services co-chaired the Conference.
The following Flag Day, a few minor wording corrections were made by the same Conference. It was not until 18 years later, on June 22, 1942 that they were able to get Congress to pass a joint resolution to become Public Law 829; Chapter 806, 77th Congress, 2nd session. There were amendments to this passed on December 22, 1942 prior to it becoming Public Law.
Included in this Public Law 829; Chapter 806 were these provisions:
36 U.S.C. 171 - Conduct during Playing of the National Anthem
36 U.S.C. 172 - Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag
36 U.S.C. 173-178 - Exact rules for use and display of the flag
Timeline and Information about the History of the Standard Flag
13 Star Flag (1777)
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Effective June 14, 1777by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. They are listed in the order in which they ratified the Constitution 1 Delaware - December 7, 1787 2 Pennsylvania - December 12, 1787 3 New Jersey - December 18, 1787 4 Georgia - January 2, 1788 5 Connecticut - January 9, 1788 6 Massachusetts - February 6, 1788 7 Maryland - April 28, 1788 8 South Carolina - May 23, 1788 9 New Hampshire - June 21, 1788 10 Virginia - June 25, 1788 11 New York - July 25, 1788 12 North Carolina - November 21, 1789 13 Rhode Island - May 29, 1790 |
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The 13-Star "Betsy Ross" Flag did fly over Federal buildings making it an official flag.
15 Star Flag (1795)
Authorized by the Flag Act of January 13, 179414 Vermont - March 4, 1791 15 Kentucky - June 1, 1792 Our Flag for 23 years George Washington (1789-1797) John Adams (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) James Madison (1809-1817) James Monroe (1817-1825) |
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This flag is often called "The Star Spangled Banner" |
 There was an 18-Star, 18-stripe flag flown over the U.S. Capital building for a short time in 1817. By standards set with The first Flag Act, of January 13, 1794 this would be considered an Official Flag as well. |
20 Star Flag (1818)
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The Flag Act of 1818 returned the flag to 13 stripes16 Tennessee - June 1, 1796 17 Ohio - March 1, 1803 18 Louisiana - April 30, 1812 19 Indiana - December 11, 1816 20 Mississippi - December 10, 1817 Our Flag for one year James Monroe (1817-1825) |
21 Star Flag (1819)
Effective July 4th, 181921 Illinois - December 3, 1818 Our Flag for one year James Monroe (1817-1825) |
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23 Star Flag (1820)
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Effective July 4th, 182022 Alabama - December 14, 1819 23 Maine - March 15, 1820 Our Flag for two years James Monroe (1817-1825) |
24 Star Flag (1822)
Effective July 4th, 182224 Missouri - August 10, 1821 Our Flag for 14 years James Monroe (1817-1825) John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) |
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25 Star Flag (1836)
Effective July 4th, 183625 Arkansas - June 15, 1836 Our Flag for one year Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) |
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26 Star Flag (1837)
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Effective July 4th, 183726 Michigan - January 26, 1837 Our Flag for eight years Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841-1845) James Polk (1845-1849) |
27 Star Flag (1845)
Effective July 4th, 184527 Florida - March 3, 1845 Our Flag for one year James Polk (1845-1849) |
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28 Star Flag (1846)
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Effective July 4th, 184628 Texas - December 29, 1845 Our Flag for one year James Polk (1845-1849) |
29 Star Flag (1847)
Effective July 4th, 184729 Iowa - December 28, 1846 Our Flag for one year James Polk (1845-1849) |
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30 Star Flag (1776)
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Effective July 4th, 184830 Wisconsin - May 29, 1848 Our Flag for three years James Polk (1845-1849) Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) |
31 Star Flag (1851)
Effective July 4th 185131 California - September 9, 1850 Our Flag for seven years Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) James Buchanan (1857-1861) |
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32 Star Flag (1858)
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Effective July 4th, 185832 Minnesota - May 11, 1858 Our Flag for one year James Buchanan (1857-1861) |
33 Star Flag (1859)
Effective July 4th, 185933 Oregon - February 14, 1859 Our Flag for two years James Buchanan (1857-1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) |
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34 Star Flag (1861)
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Effective July 4th, 186134 Kansas - January 29, 1861 Our Flag for two years Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) |
35 Star Flag (1863)
Effective July 4th, 186335 West Virginia - June 20, 1863 Our Flag for two years Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) |
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36 Star Flag (1865)
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Effective July 4th, 186536 Nevada - October 31, 1864 Our Flag for two years Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) |
37 Star Flag (1867)
Effective July 4th 186737 Nebraska - March 1, 1867 Our Flag for ten years Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) |
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38 Star Flag (1877)
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Effective July 4th, 187738 Colorado - August 1, 1876 Our Flag for 13 years Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) |
43 Star Flag (1890)
Effective July 4th, 189039 North Dakota - November 2, 1889 40 South Dakota - November 2, 1889 41 Montana - November 8, 1889 42 Washington - November 11, 1889 43 Idaho - July 3, 1890 Our Flag for one year Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) |
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44 Star Flag (1891)
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Effective July 4th, 189144 Wyoming - July 10, 1890 Our Flag for five years Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) |
45 Star Flag (1896)
Effective July 4th, 189645 Utah - January 4, 1896 Our Flag for 12 years Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) William McKinley (1897-1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) |
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46 Star Flag (1908)
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Effective July 4th, 190846 Oklahoma - November 16, 1907 Our Flag for four years Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) William H. Taft (1909-1913) |
48 Star Flag (1912)
Effective July 4th, 191247 New Mexico - January 6, 1912 48 Arizona - February 14, 1912 Our Flag for 47 years William H. Taft (1909-1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Warren Harding (1921-1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) Harry S.Truman (1945-1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) |
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49 Star Flag (1959)
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Effective July 4th, 195949 Alaska - January 3, 1959 Our Flag for one year Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) |
50 Star Flag (1960)
Effective July 4th, 196050 Hawaii - August 21, 1959 Our current flag 
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The Presidents to serve under this flag are (so far): Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977) Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) Ronald W. Reagan (1981-1989) George Bush (1989-1993) William J. Clinton (1993-2001) George W. Bush (2001-2009) B. Hussein Obama Jr (2009-2016) Donald J Trump (2017-2021) Joe 'Godfather' Biden (2021-????) Useless Harris (whenever she can kill plugs) |
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Where does your state's star line up on our current flag?
DE PA NJ GA CT MA MD SC NH VA NY NC RI VT KY TN OH LA IN MS IL AL ME MO AR MI FL TX IA WI CA MN OR KS WV NV NE CO ND SD MT WA ID WY UT OK NM AZ AK HI
Here's a few graphics / Photos of various flags used in the past and some just ideas both for the future and from the past. Many of these 300+ graphics have no physical in-the-cloth flags to show No Stories / origins yet, just wanted to share the graphics/pictures for now
 Culpeper Minutemen Flag 1775 |
 1776.jpg) First Navy Jack (Do Not Tread on Me) 1776 |
 Gadsden Flag |
 General Fremont 1840 |
 Grand Union 1776 |
 Sons of Liberty 13 Stripes |
 Sons of Liberty 9 Stripes |
 Taunton Ensign 1774 |
 Fort Mifflin PA Garrison 1775 |
 12 Star 13 Stripes Navy Colors 1787 |
 13 Star 12 Stripes Hancock & English Campaign 1880 |
 13 star 14 stripe Guilford court house 1792 |
 13 Star 1st Navy Stars and Stripes 1777-1795 |
 13 Star 3rd Mountain Regiment Cowpens 1781 |
 13 Star 6-Pointed Great Star 1851 |
 13 Star 7 Stripes Confederate Flag Proposal 1862 |
 13 Star 9 Stripes True Union 1861 |
 13 Star Alliance Flag Large 6-Point Stars 1779 |
 13 Star Alliance Flag Small 6-Point Stars 1779 |
 13 Star Anchor and Stars c1880 |
 13 Star Bailey's Almanac 1783 |
 13 Star Barton Great Seal Proposal 1782 |
 13 Star Bennington VT c1825 |
 1876.jpg) 13 Star Betsy Ross (Variant 2) 1876 |
 13 Star Bill of Lading 1790 |
 13 Star Blue Star 1770s |
 13 Star Bow Tie White Stripe 1777 |
 13 Star Bowles 1783 |
 13 Star Bow Tie RBW Stripes 1796 From French Drawing |
 13 Star Buell 1784 |
 1876.jpg) 13 Star Centennial (Variant 1) 1876 |
 1876.jpg) 13 Star Centennial (Variant 2) 1876 |
 13 Star Constellation Lyra 1853 |
 1812.jpg) 13 Star Cowpens (North Point) 1812 |
 13 Star Cross 1796 |
 13 Star Easton PA 1811 |
 13 Star Fort Harmar 1786 |
 13 Star Fort Independence 1781 |
 13 Star Fort Mercer 1777 |
 13 Star Fox 1785 |
 13 Star French Alliance 1782 |
 13 Star Great Star c1825 |
 13 Star H Stebens Powder Horn 1779 |
 13 Star Hulbert c1845 |
 13 Star John Shaw Red Stripe 1783 |
 13 Star John Shaw White Stripe 1783 |
 13 Star L'enfant 1783 |
 13 Star Nellie Powell 1871 |
 1796.jpg) 13 Star Scotti Flag Sheet #1 1796 |
 13 Star Pewterers 1788 |
 13 Star Philadelphia 1785 |
 13 Star Prisioner c1800 |
 1796.jpg) 13 Star Scotti Flag Sheet #3 1796 |
 13 Star Rees Encyclopedia 1794 |
 13 Star Lotter Flag Sheet 1793 |
 13 Star RBW Stripes Sprengel 1784 |
 1796.jpg) 13 Star Scotti Flag Sheet #2 1796 |
 13 Star Serapis 1779.jpg
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 13 Star Star-Spangled Banner 1795-1818 |
 13 Star Trumbull 1820 |
 13 Star US Navy Boat Flag 1864 |
 13 Star US Navy Boat Flag 1870 |
 13 Star US Navy Boat Flag 1899 |
 13 Star US Navy Boat Flag 1914 |
.jpg) 13 Star Vertical 1796 (from Italian Drawing) |
 13 Star Vertical 1796 |
 13 Star Wallis 1783 |
 13 Star Whaling Ship c1840 |
 13 Star Yorktown Simcoe 1781 |
 14 Star Abolitionist Great Star c1860 |
 15 Star 15 Stripe Pentagon 1812 |
 15 Star 15 Stripes European Style c1800 |
 15 Star 15 Stripes Fort Hill Maine 1814 |
 15 Star 15 Stripes Star Spangled Banner 1812 |
 15 Star 15 Stripes Star Spangled Banner Replica 1876 |
 15 Star 15 Stripes Swedish Flag Chart 1805 |
 15 Star USS Delaware 1798 |
 15 Star Washington's Commission 1798 |
 16 Star 13 Stripes Catamount Hill 1812 |
 16 Star 13 Stripes US Navy Boat Flag 1854 |
 16 Star 15 Stripes Stonington Connecticut 1796 |
 16 Star 16 Stripes Chittenden-Martin House 1796 |
 17 Star 13 Stripes Chelsea Hospital c1812 |
 17 Star 13 Stripes Hubbard c1803 |
 17 Star 13 Stripes Ohio Flag 1803 6-Point Stars Proposed State Flag |
 17 Star 13 Stripes Ohio Regiment 1861 |
 17 Star 13 Stripes Flag 5-Point Stars |
 17 Star Wheel Flag 1817 |
 18 Star 13 Stripes Hayes Arctic Expedition 1860 |
 18 Star 18 Stripes 1817 |
 18 Star 18 Stripes Baton Rouge 1812 |
 19 Star 11 Stripes Civil War Political Flag 1861 |
 1818.jpg) 20 Star 13 Stripes Captain Reid's Proposal (Great Star) 1818 |
 20 Star 13 Stripes Double Wreath c1818 |
 1818.jpg) 20 Star 13 Stripes US Navy Circular Letter (May) 1818 |
 1818.jpg) 20 Star 13 Stripes US Navy Circular Letter (Sept) 1818 |
 21 Star 11 Stripes Political Flag c1860 |
 21 Star Great Star c1819 |
 21 Star Great Star Rau Family c1819 |
 21 Star US Navy Pattern 1819 |
 21 Star Political Flag c1860 |
 22 Star MGM Abe Lincoln Movie 1940 |
 23 Star Colonel Jack Hays 1847 |
 23 Star Great Star 1820-1822 |
 23 Star Political Flag c1860 |
 24 Star Guildersleeve c1825 |
 24 Star Variant c1830 |
 25 Star Long Island Sea Captain 1836 |
 25 Star Sea Flag 1836 |
 25 Star US Navy Pattern 1836 |
 25 Star Variant 1836 |
 26 Star Great Guildersleeve Meteror 1837 |
 c1837.jpg) 26 Star Great Star (Left) c1837 |
 c1837.jpg) 26 Star Great Star (Right) c1837 |
 26 Star Michigan Great Star 1837 |
 26 Star US Navy Pattern 1837 |
 1845.jpg) 27 Star Varient (1) 1845 |
 c1845.jpg) 27 Star Varient (2) c1845 |
 27 Star US Navy Pattern 1845 |
 28 Star Variant 1846 |
 28 Star US Navy Pattern 1846 |
 29 Star 10 Stripes First Pennsylvania Regiment 1847 |
 29 Star Double Wreath 1847 |
 29 Star Ingersol 1847 |
 29 Star Irvine 1847 |
 29 Star US Navy Pattern 1847 |
 29 Star Variant 1847 |
 30 Star Great Star c1850 |
 31 Star California c1851 |
 31 Star Captain Webers 1851 |
 31 Star Circles Flag 1851 |
 31 Star Commodore Perry in Japan 1853 |
 31 Star Double Wreath c1858 |
 31 Star Embellished Star c1851 |
 31 Star Embellished Wreath c1851 |
 1851.jpg) 31 Star Great Star (1) 1851 |
 1851.jpg) 31 Star Great Star (2) 1851 |
 31 Star Lincoln Campaign c1858 |
 31 Star Pentagon Flag c1855 |
 31 Star Scattered 1850s |
 31 Star US Navy Pattern 1851 |
 31 Star Variant 1851 |
 1858.jpg) 32 Star Variant (1) 1858 |
 1858.jpg) 32 Star Variant (2) 1858 |
 33 Star 10 Stripes Dodge c1859 |
 33 Star 5-Pointed Great Star c1861 |
 33 Star 6-Pointed Great Star c1861 |
 33 Star Abe Lincoln Campaign |
 1861.jpg) 33 Star Fort Sumter (1) 1861 |
 1861.jpg) 33 Star Fort Sumter (2) 1861 |
 33 Star Maine Flag 1861 |
 33 Star Meteror Flag 1861 |
 33 Star Parenthesis or Butterfly c1859 |
 33 Star Republican Convention 1860 |
 c1861.jpg) 33 Star Variant (1) c1861 |
 c1861.jpg) 33 Star Variant (2) c1861 |
 1864.jpg) 34 Star 4th Penna Vols (Pottsville) 1864 |
 1864.jpg) 34 Star 51st Penna Vols (Norristown) 1864 |
 34 Star 59th Pennsylvania Vol Inf 1861 |
 34 Star 9 Stripes Confederate Sympathy 1861 |
 34 Star A&E TV Battle of Mine Creek Movie 2004 |
 34 Star Barbara Fritchie c1862 |
 34 Star Circles Flag 1861 |
 34 Star Co A 9th Penna Cavalry 1864 |
 34 Star Co B 11th Penna Cavalry 1861 |
 34 Star Colonel Carleton 1862 |
 34 Star Cross of St Andrew 1861 |
 34 Star 5-Star Within Cross of St Andrew c1861 |
 34 Star Donaldson 1862 |
 c1861.jpg) 34 Star Double Medallion (1) c1861 |
 c1861.jpg) 34 Star Double Medallion (2) c1861 |
 34 Star Great Luminary 1861 |
 34 Star Martinsburg Pennsylvania 1861 |
 34 Star Open Center 1863 |
 34 Star Pentacluster 1862 |
 34 Star Shawbaker c1861 |
 34 Star Square Phalanx c1861 |
 34 Star Thirteen and Thirty-Four 1861 |
 34 Star Tuolumne Rangers 1862 |
 34 Star William Drivers Old Glory 1862 |
 35 Star Bradford 1865 |
 35 Star Camouflaged Star 1863 |
 35 Star Free Flag 1863 |
 35 Star McClellans Lefthand Flag 1864 |
 35 Star McClellans Righthand Flag 1864 |
 36 Star Quincuncial 1865 |
 36 Star Abe Lincoln 1865 |
 36 Star Bomb 1865 |
 36 Star Ida Pepperkorn 1865 |
 36 Star Lincoln Funeral 1865 |
 36 Star Truncated Diamond 1865 |
 36 Star Variant 1865 |
 36 Star Wagon Wheel |
 36 Star Windblown 1865 |
 1867.jpg) 37 Star Double Wreath (1) 1867 |
 c1870.jpg) 37 Star Double Wreath (2) c1870 |
 37 Star Medallion 1867 |
 37 Star US Bunting Company 1867 |
 37 Star US Navy Pattern 1867 |
 38 Star Centennial 1876 |
 38 Star Comet-Like c1877 |
 38 Star Double Wreath 1877 |
 38 Star Full Canton 1876 |
 38 Star Global Pattern c1877 |
 c1876.jpg) 38 Star Great Star (1) c1876 |
 c1876.jpg) 38 Star Great Star (2) c1876 |
 38 Star Greely North Pole Expedition 1881 |
 38 Star Southern Centennial 1876 |
 38 Star Triple Medallion c1876 |
 38 Star US Navy Pattern 1877 |
 38 Star Variant c1877 |
 39 Star 13 Stripes 1889 |
 39 Star Dakota Anticipation 1889 |
 39 Star McNamara 1876 |
 39 Star Souvenir 1876 |
 40 Star Dakotas Statehood 1889 |
 41 Star Montana Statehood 1889 |
 42 Star Vigo County Indiana 1890 |
 42 Star Washington Statehood 1890 |
 44 Star Fort Keogh c1891 |
 44 Star Maine Ship Flag c1891 |
 44 Star Triple Medallion 1891 |
 44 Star Unfilled Canton.gif |
 44 Star Yacht America 1893 |
 1896.jpg) 45 Star Flag (1) 1896 |
 1896.jpg) 45 Star Flag (2) 1896 |
 1896.jpg) 45 Star Flag (3) 1896 |
 45 Star Starburst c1898 |
 1908.jpg) 46 Star Flag (1) 1908 |
 1908.jpg) 46 Star Flag (2) 1908 |
 46 Star Taft Presidential Campaign 1908 |
 46 Star Wayne Whipples History Flag 1910 |
 47 Star Flag 1912 |
 48 Star Variant 1912 |
 1917.jpg) 48 Star Whipple Design (Dettra Patent) 1917 |
 50 Star Dave Martucci History Flag 1979 |
 50 Star Donald Edwards 1959 |
 50 Star Kissel Great Star 1996 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 1 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 2 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 3 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 4 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 5 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 6 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 7 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 8 1958 |
 50 Star Proposed Phillip Brown 9 1958 |
 50 Star Updated Whipple History Flag 1976 |
 50 Star Proposed Circle Within Circle 1958 |
 51 Star Great Star Projected |
 51 Star Michigan |
 51 Star Projected |
 51 Star Puerto Rico |
 51 Star Sean Richardson 2002 |
 51 Star Special Circular |
 51 Star Welcome Puerto Rico 1 Jeff Wilson |
 51 Star Welcome Puerto Rico 2 Jeff Wilson |
 51 Star Welcome Puerto Rico 3 Jeff Wilson |
 51 Star Special |
 RareFlags.com 13 Star 13 Stripes Cowpens Pattern c1863 |
 RareFlags.com 13 star 13 stripes medallion centennial homemade c1876 |
 RareFlags.com 13 Star 13 Stripes Medallion Large Center Star c1920 |
 RareFlags.com 13 Star 13 Stripes Six-Pointed Great Star |
 RareFlags.com 34 Star 13 Stripes Pinwheel Medallion c1861 |
 RareFlags.com 36 Star 13 Stripes Random Star Pattern Packer Family c1865-1867 |
 RareFlags.com 38 Star 13 Stripes Medallion Centennial Homemade c1876 |
 RareFlags.com 38 Star 13 Stripes Oval Medallion Four Sizes of Stars c1876 |
 RareFlags.com 44 Star 13 Stripes Double Wreath Within Square c1891-1896 |
 RareFlags.com 45 Star 13 Stripes Spiral Star Pattern c1896-1908 |
.jpg) Rare 13 Star 13 Stripes (Vertical Arragement) |
 rare 17 star 13 stripes flag 1803 ashville ohio.jpg |
 fremon flag 150th anniversary |
 Civil Flag 13 Star 16 Vertical Stripe 1799 |
 Civil Flag 50 Star 13 Vertical Stripe 1960 |
 Gadsden License Plate North Carolina |
 Gadsden License Plate Texas |
 Gadsden License Plate Virginia |
Information obtained from some (or all) of the following sources:
North American Vexillological Association
Rare Flags
The Flag of the United States of America
American Flag and Gift
Flag of the United States (Wikipedia)
Mastai American Flag Exhibit
Sons of the Revolution
U.S.History dot Org
Flags of the World and the United States of America
"The History of the United States Flag" by Quaife, Weig, Appleman (1961)
"Saga of the American Flag" by DeBarr and Bonkowske (1990)
"Our 83 Flags" by Robert Flagg (1963)
"Flags of the United States" by William Crampton (1989)
Various Articles & Postings by Dave Martucci, vexillologist (1995-2004)
and information provided by Nicholas Artimovich, vexillologist, Columbia, Maryland
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Last updated 11/12/2020
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